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Takings / just compensation.

If the government takes private property for public use, it must pay just compensation. It can take a road through a farm. It cannot take the farm and leave the owner unpaid.

Due process of law.

The government may not take your life, liberty, or property except by due process — known rules, a fair hearing, and lawful procedure. This is the broad floor under every other protection in the amendment. Power still has to follow the law.

The right not to be a witness against yourself.

In a criminal case you cannot be forced to testify against yourself. That is the clause people mean when they “take the Fifth.” The state must prove its case with its own evidence. It cannot put you on the stand and make you supply the missing pieces.

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Double jeopardy.

You cannot be tried twice by the same sovereign for the same offense after you have already been acquitted or convicted. The government gets one fair shot. It does not get to keep retrying you until it likes the result.